In order to investigate impactes of FURROW firming on FURROW irrigation performance, a field experiment was conducted during Sugarbeet growing season in Nagadeh. Four FURROW irrigation treatment of FURROW firming includes B1: FURROW firming with once roller, B2: FURROW firming with twice roller, B3: FURROW firming with thrice roller and B0: without FURROW firming were considered to collect field data for 1388 period and all evaluation parameters were collected. The surface irrigation model: Win SRFR, was calibrated and evaluated by using field measurements data. FURROW Infiltration and Roughness parameters, was calibrated by multilevel optimization method. The maximum relative error for estimation of advance and recession times and runoff were obtained 2.1, 4.7 and 4.5%, respectively. For 13 irrigation events assessment, application efficiency of B0, B1, B2 and B3 were obtained 50.03, 55.77, 60.22 and 62.31%, respectively. So as to increase irrigation performance, optimal combinations of cutoff time and inflow rate were extracted for all irrigation events and treatments. Under B3 FURROW firming, the mean water productivity increased about 17.8% compared with without FURROW firming.Beside with assumption of optimal cutoff time and inflow rate, water productivity is increasable about 27%.

Surface irrigation models are tools for evaluating and designing surface irrigation methods. Using it, all stages of complete irrigation can be simulated and designed, and by changing the input factors, which are in fact design factors, a high-efficiency system can be achieved. The purpose of this study is to investigate the parameters of the infiltration equation, the depth of infiltrated water in the field, and the field evaluation parameters including water use efficiency in the field, percentage of runoff losses, uniformity efficiency, and deep infiltration by SIRMOD software. In this study, first, the required data were collected from the farm located in Kaboudar Ahang plain of Tasaran village with field measurements, then the existing models in SIRMOD software were evaluated and simulated which includes hydrodynamic model, zero-inertia, and kinematic wave. The results showed that the data estimated by the model were consistent with the advanced time data observed in the field. The best simulation results for infiltrated volume were predicted with an average error of 5. 5%, and runoff volume was predicted with an average error of 0. 8%. In general, based on the results of this study, the SIRMOD software has performed a good simulation of the FURROW irrigation system.

In order to economical assessment of TRANSPLANTING compared with direct (conventional) CULTIVATION of rapeseed (Ahmadi variety) as check in different sowing dates, this research carried out in farm of Kermanshah agriculture and natural resources research and education center and Seed and plant improvement institute in Karaj during 2018 and 2019. Treatments of this experiment included rapeseed CULTIVATION in 7 October as control, TRANSPLANTING in two and four leaf stage on 17 October, 1 November and 11 November. In this study, for getting to economic target used Partial Budgeting Technique and Benefit cost ratio. According to the results, in Alborz and Kermanshah provinces, the mean of grain yield of rapeseed in seed CULTIVATION in 7 October was 3495 and 4857 kg. ha-1, respectively. In Kermanshah province to Alborz province, the mean of grain yield and net income of check treatment during experimental years was increased 39 and 72. 2 percent, respevtively and Net present value check treatment with discount rate 20% was increased 78. 9 percent. Comparing trnsplanting treatments in target regions, TRANSPLANTING planting in Alborz province to Kermanshah was more profitable. Thus, in terms of crops and economic preference, rapeseed CULTIVATION in 7 October treatment as check treatment was selected as the best treatments in target provinces.

In order to evaluate the effects of rice TRANSPLANTING CULTIVATION on FURROW and different deficit irrigation management on yield and yield components of rice (Shiroodi Cultivar), an experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute (Mazandaran, Amol) in 2013. The research had done as randomized complete block design involving five irrigation treatments with three replications. Treatments were irrigation managements including T1 (permanent irrigation throughout the growth period), T2 (irrigation a day after the disappearance of surface water) T3 (irrigation three days after the disappearance of surface water), T4 (irrigation four days after the disappearance of surface water), T5 (permanently saturated soil throughout the growing period). Results of ANOVA indicated that different irrigation managements had significant difference (P<0.01) in terms of panicle length, filled and unfilled grains and paddy yield. According to the results, there was not significant difference between T1 (5975 kg.ha-1) and T5 (5850 kg.ha-1) irrigation management and the least performance management of T4 with 28% lower performance than the T1 treatment. Therefore, the best results have been continually saturated water management and irrigation management; T2, T3 and T4 were next in the rankings.

Introduction Iran has dry climate conditions that its rainfall is lower than one third of rainfall in world. The results of anticipation illustrated that renewable water resource in Iran will be lower than 1500 m3 year-1, which it will cause critical level in water issue. Sugar beet is consumed high water and this issue cause to limitation of cultivated area in regions where water resources is determinate. Therefore, using classical irrigation systems instead of FURROW irrigation systems was occurred in last decades. Therefore, evaluation of the water usage efficiency in different irrigation systems under field conditions is necessary. Mirzaei and Ghadami Firozabadi (2007) evaluated the water use efficiency under two different irrigation systems included FURROW and classical systems in sugar beet in Ekbatan research site of Hamedan. They reported that the highest water use efficiency in term of physical was related to drop irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in FURROW system. The goal of the study was to evaluate water productivity in terms of physical and economical in sugar beet fields in Hamedan province. Materials and methods This study was performed by using questionnaire, observation and also interview with farmers in 2017. Studied area was four counties of Hamedan province included Nahavand, Asadabad, Toyserkan and Famenin. Water productivity was calculated by two different methods which were physical and economical. Simple way to calculate the physical water productivity under field conditions is crop per drop (CPD) index. In this method, produced yield was considered per used drop. Higher value of CPD index indicates the correct use of water. The concept of economical water productivity is benefit per drop (BPD). BPD index considered the gross benefit and it is the limit of this index, so another index named NBPD was used. In NBPD index, net benefit was considered. Results and discussion Yield of sugar beet was considered based on average yield in each county and the price of sugar beet was determinate based on sugar beet price in 2017 year and it was 2916 Rials kg-1. The results showed that yield and total income of sugar beet in Hamedan province and its counties under classical irrigation system was higher than FURROW one, so that applying classical system caused to increase in gross benefit as 18% compared to FURROW system. As data, sugar beet production cost in FURROW approach was 14. 96% lower than classical method in total province. Net benefit was gained by subtract of production cost from gross benefit for each county. The study results illustrated that net benefit of sugar beet for farmers who use classical irrigation system was higher than farmers who use FURROW way to irrigate their fields. Average of net benefit by sugar beet production in FURROW and classical systems was 83381. 47 and 110269. 53 (1000Rials ha-1), respectively that indicates 32. 2% increase in net benefit under classical system in comparison with FURROW system. Water consumption in FURROW approach was higher than classical one in all studied counties of Hamedan province. Asadabad with water consumption as 13476 m3 ha-1 had the highest and Nahavand with 9461 m3 ha-1 had the lowest water consumption among counties. Physical water productivity (CPD) in FURROW and classical systems was gained 4. 71 kg m3 and 6. 85 kg m3, respectively. Results of the BPD values indicated that classical system had more productivity in comparison with FURROW in all counties and total province. NBPD values also showed the same results of BPD, so that the value of NBPD under FURROW system was observed 6805 Rials m-3, but for classical system was obtained 11077 Rials m-3. Therefore, water consumption at a rate of one m3 by classical system causes increase in benefit as 4272 Rials compared to FURROW. Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that applying classical irrigation systems causes increasing of water productivity as physically and economically compared to FURROW system. Asadabad had the lowest water productivity among other counties of Hamedan province. Therefore, it is necessary to extend needed information about increasing of water productivity to farmers of this county by agricultural experts and promoters.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of subsurface drip irrigation on leaf area index, root distribution, quality and yield of sugarcane for the first ratoon. Two fields including one field with subsurface drip irrigation and other field with closed-end FURROW irrigation were studied as control. Three measurement stations were selected in each field. The results were statistically analyzed. Number of plants, number of green leaves, leaf length and width over one meter were counted and measured six times at 91, 99, 105, 112, 119 and 128 days after harvesting of plant, respectively. Leaf number and leaf length and leaf width were not significantly different in both irrigations. Number, length and width of leaves in FURROW irrigation averaged 7. 6, 100 and 3. 2 cm and in subsurface drip irrigation averaged 7. 2, 101 and 2. 9 cm. The number of plants and LAI were significantly different at 99 and 95% level. The number of plants and LAI were in subsurface drip irrigation 2. 06 and 1. 77 times higher than FURROW irrigation, respectively. The LAI value was affected by the number of plants. The value of all qualitative parameters in subsurface drip irrigation was higher than FURROW irrigation, but none of them had significant differences in two types of irrigation. Weight of 20 stalks, brix, POL, purity (PTY), yield (Y) and sugar yield (SY) in subsurface drip irrigation 9. 7%, 1. 3%, 2%, 0. 08%, 2. 8% and 45. 4% were more than FURROW irrigation respectively. Weight, length, area and volume in subsurface drip irrigation were 32. 9%, 42. 4%, 42. 4% and 42. 5% more than FURROW irrigation, respectively. Diameter of root in subsurface drip irrigation was 1. 9 times less than FURROW irrigation. Therefore, roots in subsurface drip irrigation were finer and deeper than the FURROW irrigation. Also, in subsurface drip irrigation the roots were 20% deeper than FURROW irrigation. The efficiency of subsurface drip irrigation and FURROW irrigation was 88. 2% and 62. 3%, respectively. Water use efficiency in subsurface drip and FURROW irrigation was 9. 43 and 8. 01 kg/mm. ha, respectively.

Considering the importance of cotton in crop rotation and the decreasing trend of its CULTIVATION area in recent years, it is necessary to use efficient and optimized methods to increase the CULTIVATION area and the amount of production of this strategic crop and to reduce its production costs. One of these methods is the delayed cotton CULTIVATION of premature cultivars in the form of TRANSPLANTING. Considering the important role of time management and irrigation in cotton CULTIVATION, it is necessary to determine the optimal amount of water consumed by this plant in the delayed CULTIVATION method. This research was carried out in a split plot design by randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation interval treatments (including irrigation after 70, 105 and 140 mm cumulative evaporation from the evaporation pan) as main plots and different irrigation water amounts (including 50, 75, 100 and 125% of evaporated water from the pan) as subplots were considered. The results showed that the treatment of irrigation after 105 mm evaporation from the pan had the highest yield, bolting percentage, water use efficiency and lint content, and yielded higher yields of 11 and 40% than 70 and 140 mm treatments, respectively. While 100% water treatment with 2016 kg/ha had the highest yield among irrigation depth treatments, the difference between treatments with 50 and 125% was not significant in 5% level in Duncan test. On the other hand, with increasing water depth, water use efficiency decreased, in such a way that 50% water treatment had the highest water use efficiency. Finally, according to the evaluation results of performance, yield components, and water use efficiency, the best treatment was irrigating after 105 mm evaporation from the pan with depth of 50%.

Due to the high labor costs in the production of rice, use of rice planting and mechanization is one of the basic strategies for sustainability and preparing healthy and strong seedling, TRANSPLANTING and reducing the cost of rice production. Crop response to mechanized planting with planting machines due to differences in the density and type of planting is different. Therefore, this study aimed to achieve the most suitable criteria on for TRANSPLANTING age of four varieties of rice. Experiments were conducted in the year of 2009 was conducted at the Chaparsar Rice Research Station (Tonekabon city). crop, using a split-plot design in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included four levels of TRANSPLANTING ages (20, 27, 33 and 40 days) and the subplots were four varieties of rice cultivars (Hashemei, Khazar, Hybrid and Shiroodi). Analysis of variance showed that TRANSPLANTING age affected most of the factors and data shows significant differences at the level of 5, 1 and 0. 1 percent. Effects of rice varieties also were significant on all factors. Correlation coefficient of data was positive and showed significant relationship with the parameters. The highest yield was achieved for 20 days rice TRANSPLANTING age with the amount of 5166. 9 kg per hectare. Among cultivars, the highest yield belonged to the Shiroodi verities with 5899. 9 kg per hectare. Therefore, to achieve the highest yield potential of shiroodi verities, the 20 day TRANSPLANTING ages is recommended for planting the rice TRANSPLANTING by walking type transplanters.

Introduction: Rice is the second most important edible grain after wheat in Iran. The most important factor for sustainable production in rice production lands, is water. Almost 75 percent of the world's rice is produced from paddy fields and rice is the largest consumer of water among all crops. Its growth is significantly affected by climate change and water scarcity. This research was carried out to compare the direct CULTIVATION and TRANSPLANTING of rice under different irrigation methods from the point of view of water productivity. Material and Methods: The current work was designed as split plot based on randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and three replications in 18 plots with 6 m wide and 12 m length (72 m 2) in area of approximately 1500 m2 at the Agricultural Research Station of Golestan province in spring and the summer of 2018. Treatments including three levels of basin irrigation, sprinkler and drip (tape) irrigation were considered as main factors and two methods of direct CULTIVATION and TRANSPLANTING were considered as sub-factors. Results and Discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation and sowing method on the yield of rice were significant at 0. 01 level probability. The highest amount of biological yield in TRANSPLANTING was obtained by basin irrigation (8177 kg/ha) and in direct seeding in basin irrigation and taper irrigation (7375 and 6836 kg/ha, respectively). The highest 1000-grain weight in TRANSPLANTING method was obtained in basin irrigation and direct seeding method in traditional irrigation and tape irrigation. The highest number of filled grains in the panicle was observed in the basin irrigation treatment in TRANSPLANTING, with significant difference compared to the amount observed in direct seeding. Traditional irrigation between planting methods had not significant effect on the number of hollow grains,while in sprinkler and tape irrigation (with an average of 51 and 56 for sprinkler and tape irrigation, respectively), the number of hollow grains had a higher rate in direct seeding (with an average of 41 and 45 for sprinkler and tape irrigation). The results showed that basin irrigation with 8177 kg/ha grain yield in TRANSPLANTING method and basin and tape irrigations with 7375 and 6836 kg/ha in direct seeding method had the highest grain yield. Sprinkler irrigation had the lowest paddy yields in TRANSPLANTING (4188 kg/ha) and direct seeding (5712 kg/ha). Tape irrigation with 7390 and 6840 m3 of consumed water, resulted in lower water consumption compared to traditional irrigation (10700 and 1693 m3), respectively. The highest amount of water use efficiency was obtained in direct and tape irrigation (0. 99 kg/m3) and in traditional and tape irrigation (0. 76 and 0. 66 kg/m3, respectively). Conclusion: Adjusting water consumption both through lower water consumption and reduced water wastage can lead higher water productivity of rice production systems creating sustainable rice production systems. In TRANSPLANTING method, tape irrigation and traditional irrigation had higher water use efficiency than sprinkler irrigation, although a significant water use reduction in tape irrigation rather than basin irrigation should be analyzed economically at real water prices. Overall, in this study, the tape irrigation method, by reducing water consumption, was able to increase water productivity and maintain the yield of rice in direct CULTIVATION. Sprinkler irrigation had the lowest yield of rice in TRANSPLANTING and direct CULTIVATION. Problems such as lack of uniformity of spraying and waste water through the wind as well as poor quality of sprinklers are the main reasons for the decrease of the efficiency of sprinkler irrigation.

Cotton or white gold is the most important and the oldest fibrous plant that is suitable for CULTIVATION in arid and semi-arid regions. Among industrial plants, cotton has a special position. Not only cotton is one of the most important fibrous plants in view of fiber production, but also its seeds, which contain oil and protein, play a major role in providing edible oils and animal feed. Due to increasing need of society for cotton plant products and the importance of cotton in the global market and industries, it is very important to remove barriers to the continuous development of the CULTIVATION of this product. Considering the importance of cotton in crop rotation and the sever reduction of cotton CULTIVATION in recent years, it is necessary to use new approaches to increase the CULTIVATION area, production amount and to reduce the production cost of this strategic crop. One of the strategies for developing the area under cotton CULTIVATION is delayed CULTIVATION as TRANSPLANTING, which increases yield, early maturity and water use efficiency. Proper irrigation scheduling plays a very important role in delayed CULTIVATIONs. In order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the study area, soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm and were analyzed in the laboratory. Fertilizer recommendation was done on the bases of soil test. In this experiment, the percentage of saturation moisture, electrical conductivity, acidity of saturated paste was determined and soil texture was measured by hydrometric method. Therefore, an experimental design of factorial strip plot, with three replications, was carried out in the Hashemabad cotton research station, in 2020. Irrigation methods of tape and FURROW were as main factor. CULTIVATION methods of direct and TRANSPLANTING as sub-factor and sub-sub factor was irrigation intervals after 70, 105, 140 mm cumulative evaporation from the pan, and irrigation quantities of 0, 50, 75, 100, 125% of the evaporated water from the pan. The treatment of 105 mm cumulative evaporation from the pan is usually 14 days, depending on the region. While the treatment of 70 mm means irrigating as soon as possible during 8 days. In addition, the treatment of irrigation after 140 mm of cumulative evaporation from the evaporation pan, ie once every 20 days, means that irrigation leads to plant stress. It should be noted that irrigation with less than 50% of the evaporated water from the pan can reduce the yield and is not applicable to the FURROW irrigation method in the field, due to water not reaching the end of the field. In addition, irrigation with more than 125% of water evaporated from the pan is not highly recommended. The results showed that irrigation method had no effect on yield and yield components, but TRANSPLANTING method had higher yield, early maturity, boll weight and water use efficiency at rates of 14, 180, 4. 8 and 11. 3% compared with direct method, respectively. Among the irrigation interval treatments, the irrigation after 105 mm evaporation from the pan had higher yield, boll weight and water use efficiency than the 70 and 140 mm treatments; So, that the yield of this treatment was 8. 8 and 16. 6% higher than the 70 and 140 mm treatments. While, water use efficiency of 105 mm treatment was 9% higher than 140 mm. In fact, cotton is a plant that reacts a lot to the amount and frequency of irrigation. It means irrigation management, and the balance between reproductive and vegetative growth is regulated by irrigation management. Excessive irrigation not only prevents increased yield, but also reduces yield and water use efficiency. Different irrigation water quantities had no effect on yield but on yield components had significant effect. The highest water use efficiency was related to 50% irrigation water, which was 19. 6%, 43% and 69. 8% higher than 75, 100 and 125% irrigation water, respectively. Irrigation quantity of more than 50% does not significantly increase yield but increases water use efficiency. Finally, the best treatment was TRANSPLANTING method with an irrigation interval of 105 mm evaporation from the pan and 50% irrigation water of cotton increases. Also, TRANSPLANTING CULTIVATION increased yield compared to direct CULTIVATION. Although it is not economically viable, it is recommended if the price of cotton increases.